Names
of group VIII : Bahya Alfitri (2113061)
Peni Sulistyowati (2113063)
Ade Tri Utami KP (2113064)
Maharani Robiatul Islam (2113065)
Made Sri Damayanti (2113067)
Drama is a
literary composition involving conflict, action crisis and atmosphere designed
to be acted by players on a stage before an audience. This definition may be
applied to motion picture drama as well as to the traditional stage.
Types of Drama:
- Tragedy
-- In general, tragedy involves the ruin of the leading characters. To the
Greeks, it meant the destruction of some noble person through fate, To the
Elizabethans, it meant in the first place death and in the second place
the destruction of some noble person through a flaw in his character.
Today it may not involve death so much as a dismal life, Modern tragedy
often shows the tragedy not of the strong and noble but of the weak and
mean,
- Comedy
-- is lighter drama in which the leading characters overcome the
difficulties which temporarily beset them
- Problem
Play -- Drama of social criticism
discusses social, economic, or political problems by means of a play.
- Farce
-- When comedy involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without
regard for human values, it becomes farce.
- Comedy
of Manners -- Comedy which wittily portrays
fashionable life.
- Fantasy
-- A play sometimes, but not always, in comic spirit in which the author
gives free reign to his fantasy, allowing things to happen without regard
to reality.
- Melodrama
-- Like farce, melodrama pays almost no attention to human values, but its
object is to give a thrill instead of a laugh. Often good entertainment,
never any literary value.
Types of Drama of
Historical Interest:
- Medieval
mystery plays -- dealt with Bible stories
and allegorical mysteries.
- Chronicle
plays -- dealt directly with historical
scenes and characters.
- Masques
-- were slight plays involving much singing and dancing and costuming.
They were usually allegorical.
Drama is the most dependent of
art forms -- director, actors, scene and costume designers must interpret
before the audience does.
The Place of the
Actor
- The player should respect his play, his part,
his fellow players, and his audience.
- He should have imagination enough to create
character for us instead of merely exploiting his own personality.
- He should have a technical equipment in his
'voice, facial expression, bodily poise, gesture, and by-play that enables
him to project the character as he conceives it.
More Literary Terms ( Drama )
- Allusion -
an indirect reference by casually mentioning something that is generally
familiar (In literature we find many allusions to mythology, the Bible,
history, etc.)
- Aside -
Lines whispered to the audience or to another character on stage (not meant to
be heard by all the characters on stage)
- Catastrophe
- the final event in a drama (a death in a tragedy or a marriage in a comedy)
- Comedy - A
light play with a happy ending
- Comic Relief
- A bit of humor injected into a serious play to relieve the heavy tension of
tragic event
- Crisis or Climax
- the turning point in the plot (This occurs when events develop either for or
against the main character and a crucial decision must be made.)
- Dramatic Irony -
occurs when the audience knows something that the character on stage is not
aware.
- Foreshadow -
Lines that give a hint or clue to future events (It doesn't tell the future but
hints at it.)
- Irony - A method of expression in which the ordinary
meaning of the word is opposite to the thought in the speaker's mind and Events contrary to what would be naturally
expected.
- Metaphor -
an implied comparison between two different things; identifying a person or
object as the thing to which it is being compared
- Metonymy -
a figure of speech whereby the name of a thing is substituted for the attribute
which it suggests.
- Nemesis -
agent of retribution (the person who punishes)
- Personification
- giving the quality of life to inanimate things
- Poetic Justice -
The operation of justice in a play with fair distribution of rewards for good
deeds and punishment for wrong doing
- Simile - an
expressed comparison between two different things using 'like' or 'as' -
Example: 'eyes twinkle like stars' - 'as loud as the roaring sea'
- Soliloquy -
A single character on stage thinking out loud (a way of letting the audience
know what is in the character's mind)
- Tragedy - A
serious play having an unhappy ending.
- Tragic Flaw
- A character trait that leads one to his/her own downfall or destruction
Elements of Drama
1. Characters
Characters are the people in the
play's plot. Most plays have a round, major characters and flat,
minor characters. The main characters are more important to a work and
usually have a bigger part to play. Miranda from Shakespeare’s Tempest is an
example of a main character. We learn much about her characteristics
throughout the play, and she plays a big role in the reconciliation of the
characters toward the end of the play.
On the other
hand, minor characters are less important. An example of a minor character
is Marcellus from the play ‘Hamlet,' whose role is only to inform about
Hamlet’s father’s ghost. We do not know nor do we need to know anything about
his character or what happens to him thereafter. He just departs in peace.
Let's take a look at the different
characters.
Protagonist: The main character, usually the one
who sets the action in motion.
Example: Hamlet is the protagonist
in the play ‘Hamlet’.
Antagonist: The character that stands as rival
to the protagonist is called the antagonist. He is the villain.
Example: Claudius is the major
antagonist in the play ‘Hamlet’ as he contrasts sharply with the main character
in the play.
Foil: A character whose traits contrast
with those of another character. Writers use foil to emphasize differences
between two characters. For example, a handsome but dull character might be a
foil for one who is unattractive but dynamic. By using foil, authors call
attention to the strengths or weaknesses of a main character.
Example: In Hamlet, the passionate
and quick to action Laertes is a foil for the reflective Hamlet.
Confidant: A character that lends an ear and
gives his input to usually the protagonist is a confidant. This type of
character is most commonly a closest friend or trusted servant of the main
character, who serves as a device for revealing the mind and intention of the
main character. The confidant’s inputs are revealed only to the audience and
not to the other characters in the play.
Example: In Hamlet, Horatio is the
confidant.
Stock characters: A stereotypical character who is
not developed as an individual but as a collection of traits and mannerisms
supposedly shared by all members of a group. These characters are easily
recognized by audience due to their recurrent appearance and familiar roles.
Example: A comic, a servant, a fool,
a coward, a crooked stepmother, and wicked witch.
Each
character is distinct from the other and must have their own peculiar
personality, background, and beliefs. The mannerisms and use of language too
may differ. The way the characters in the play are treated by the playwright is
important to the outworking of the play.
2. Dialogue
The
words uttered by characters in a play forms a dialogue. The dialogue reveals
the plot and characters of the play. What is spoken must be suitable to the
situation and the role of the character.
Things
that are said on stage may take on greater worth or typical qualities than the
same things said in everyday speech. Good dramatic speech involves a proper
construction of words spoken in the appropriate context. It also involves
saying what is not uninviting or what is obvious straight away.
Good
dialogue sheds light on the character speaking and the one spoken about, and
aids in the furtherance of the plot.
3.
Plot
The
plot is events that occur in a story sequentially. Normally the introduction of
the characters in the beginning of the play gives the audience an idea about
what the plot maybe. This information will enlighten the audience as to why
characters behave the way they do and an incident maybe expected to surface
that will create a problem for the main characters.
As
the action heightens, the characters encounter the problem and find themselves
in trouble. The conflict in a plot may vary but nevertheless it forms the basis
for the plot. The conflict leads the characters from one incident to another
unfolding the plot and increasing the suspense and excitement of the reader or
viewer.
The turning point of the plot is called the climax when the
outcome of the conflict takes place. The climax takes several forms. It may be
a revelation of information or it may be a decision or an action. It is the
point where suspense no longer exists.
The
plot is crucial for the success of a play.
4.
Setting
The
setting and time in a play tell us where the story happened and the time it
occurred. The setting is very important because what usually happens in the
play is influenced by it. Visual components of a setting maybe limited to a
painted tree, a bridge, or a hut, or it could be more elaborate. Shifts in
time and space are often indicated by the actors through their speech and
movements.
In
setting, the lighting plays an important role for it shows an illusion of time.
Lighting also may be used to focus on an action or stress the importance of an
event. Costumes and props too are involved in setting. Costumes are used
to portray a character’s profession, status, ethnicity, age and so on.
Props are items used by actors on stage
to create an atmosphere of the play. These can be simple writing
materials, chairs and tables, flowers, thrones, blood-soaked clothes, blankets,
and beds and so on. The effect created by the setting creates the mood for a
theatrical spectacle.
5.
Stage directions
An
audience is prompted to react by the movements or positions of the actors in a
play. It can build up tension, trigger laughter, or shift the focus of the
audience to a different part of the stage. To achieve this purpose, the writer
communicates to the actors, director, and the rest of the crew in the play by
means of stage directions.
He
does this by means of short phrases, usually printed in italics and enclosed in
parentheses or brackets. These directions describe the appearance and actions
of characters as well as the sets, costumes, props, sound effects, and lighting
effects.
Stage directions may also include the characters’ body
language, facial expressions, and even the tone of voice. Comments or remarks
about the surroundings and when a character enters or exits are also made in
stage directions. Thus stage directions help us understand the feelings of
the character and the mood of the story.
6.
Theme
The
theme actually tells what the play means. Rather stating what happens in the
story, the theme deals with the main idea within the story. Theme has been
described as the soul of the drama. The theme can either be clearly stated
through dialogue or action or can be inferred from the entire performance. We
shall conclude plot and theme in drama should compliment each other and should
be synchronized to give a complete output.
General
themes are:
a. conflict--between two
individuals
b. conflict between man and a
supernatural power
c. conflict between the man and himself
Example
of Drama
Example
1
English
Drama
Artis :
Niya as
Mulan
Fajar as
Maia’s Mother ( Mrs. Maia )
Tari as
Ustadzah ( Ustdzh. Cand )
Wahyu as
Ahmad
Nurdin
as Dhani
One day, there is a daughter. She
asks Rp. 500.000,00 to shopping herself. However, her mother doesn’t give her
because she hasn’t any money.
Mulan : “Mom! Hurry up! Where’s the
money!”
Mrs.
Maia : “For what?”
Mulan : “for shopping of course,
Hellooo… Where’s the money! Give me Rp. 500.000,00 now!
Mrs Maia : “I haven’t much money. Now, your
father didn’t go home about three times fasting and three times idul fitri. I
am so lonely you know!”
(Song 3X puasa 3X Lebaran)
Mulan : ”ahhh.. I don’t care! It’s not
my problem!”
Mrs.
Maia : “I really haven’t money, Look! My wallet is
empty. I just a farmer, please understand me!”
Mulan : “Haizzzhh prett!”
With angrily, Mulan goes to leave
her home far away. She goes to her basecamp and meet her friends. After she
gathers with her friends, there is ustadzah and looks Mulan.
Ustzh
Cand : “Assalamu’alaikum wr wb..”
Mulan : (doesn’t replay her sallam)
Ustzh
Cand : “why do you look so different?”
Mulan : “never mind!” (and go)
Ustzh
Cand : “Astaghfirullahaladzim…
strength’s girl.”
Ahmad and Dhani come to entertain
Mulan.
Ahmad : “what’s up lady?”
Mulan : “Hoekkk..”
Dhani : “Haloow lady, what’s happen
sist??”
Mulan : “eemm, my mother is crazy, she
is so stingy, I ask money but she doesn’t give it. So stingy!”
Ahmad : “wah, I must beat your
mother.”
Mulan : “ah, it’s not problem, better us
to enjoy, come to drinking! Come on!”
Dhani : “okey, sister, we drink some
drinking and forget all your problem. Ahmad! Take the bottles I haven’t be
patient! Come to fly.. hahahahah”
Ahmad brings many bottles and begins
to drink all drinking with his friend.
( SONG
"MABOK" )
A few minutes later, ustadzah Cand
comes.
Ustzh
Cand : “Assalamu’alaikum wr. Wb.”
Mulan : “who is there? Oh.. ustadzah!
Why do you come here? Go away!”
Ustzh
Cand : “astaghfirullahal’adzim..your
mother is hard sick. You know! Please go home!
Mulan : “hah?!”
Dhani : “come on, ustadzah Cand follow
us to drink this drinking. It is so delicious I’m not lying.”
Ahmad : “ho oh Ustzh Cand,
certainly more fun! Hahahah..”
Ustzh
Cand : “I can’t! astaghfirullah….”
Then, Ustzh Cand pulls the hand of
Mulan with hardly to go home.
Ustzh Cand : “look! Your mother want to die, you must
help your mother, don’t go any where please stay here.”
Mulan : “Oh God. Forgive me.. forgive my
mother, because I have many mistaken to You and my mother.”
Mrs.
Maia : “I have to forgive you. No
problem.”
Mulan : “Thank you mom, I love you so
much.”
Finally, that family become happy
family, Ustzh Cand goes with happy too. Friends of Mulan are Ahmad and Dhani
change to be good, they begin to pray to Allah and leave their bad habit.
( song
"Bunda" )
The End
Example
2
Between
Study Tour, Solidarity and Friendship
In the morning, before the class begins there are four students talking about
their study tour plan, because they are the third grade student as a common
they obligate to join that annual event. They are Andi, Rudi, Via and Rita.
Andi : Hi guys, did you heard about study tour that will be held about two
months
later?
Rudi : No, I didn’t. When it will be?
Andi : I’m not sure when it will be. Hey, Via do you know about that?
Via : Certainly, it will be held on 20th of June 2010. It must be very
exciting!
Andi : Oh yeah! I have been waiting for it for a long time!
Rudi : So, where is our study tour destination?
Via : As far as I know we will be going to Bali. Sounds great isn’t it?!
Andi : I have heard that you have been to Bali. Tell us more about Bali, was it
interesting?
Via : Yes of course! It was so wonderful! There are a lot of beautiful views,
like
Kuta Beach, Tanah Lot, Turtle Island and many more. The citizen were very
friendly, and the culture were very variative! You will never get bored there!
Andi : Hey Rudi, will you join the study tour?
Rudi : I’m not sure, I’m afraid I can’t afford the cost of that study tour.
Andi : I see. How about you Rita?
Rita : I’m afraid I can’t go there. Because my parents is over protected to me.
Via : Don’t say that. You got to be positive.
The bell rings, the class is started to begin. They get into the class, and the
conversation was over. A few hours later the bell is ring again. It is time to
break. Then, Via and Andi go to the Foodcourt together.
Andi : Hey via, I thought about Rudi and Rita back then.
Via : What is the matter?
Andi : They will lose a lot of fun if they not join the study tour. It will get
more
interesting if they join the study tour. Do you have any solutions for them?
Via : I don’t know for sure. But how if we talk to their parents to get a
Permission for them.
Andi : That is fine with rita. But I doubt about rudi, because he said that his
parents
don’t have enough money.
Via : That is ok. I’ll pay for rudi. I’m a hundred percent sure that my parents
will
defray the cost for my best friend.
Andi : Are you sure that your parents will do that for him?
Via : Yes, Certainly.
Andi : How if we talk to their parents after the school today?
Via : That is a great idea!
After the school ends
Andi : Hey Rudi, we want to talk about something.
Rudi : What is it?
Via : Listen, as our best friend we hope you can join the study tour. So we can
have a good time together.
Rudi : But……
Via : Don’t worry my parents will help the cost of your study tour.
Rudi : Sorry, what did you say?
Andi : She said that she will take all of your cost. So you can join with us!
Rudi : Are you sure via?
Via : Yes! Im sure!
Rudi : Wow you are so kind! You are the best friend ever! Thank You!
Via : No problem, you are welcome. That’s what friends are for.
Andi : Next, we are going to rita’s house. Would you come along with us rud?
Rudi : Ok I’ll go.
At Rita’s House.
Via : Excuse me [knock… knock… the door]
Rita : Hey guys. What are you doing here?
Andi : We need to talk to your parents. Are they here?
Rita : There is just my father. What is it?
Via : We would like to get permission from your parents about the trip.
Rita : Ok then, please come in.
They were all sit down, and talk to Rita’s father.
Andi,Via and Rudi : good afternoon sir.
Father : Good afternood kids.
Andi : We ask for permission to let Rita join the study tour.
Father : I doubt it is safe for rita. Besides she is my only daughter. I don’t
want
she get into trouble.
Via : Please don’t worry. I’m sure she will be fine.
Rudi : There is no doubt about it. We always take care for each other.
Father : Ok then. I believe with you guys. But remember to take care of rita.
Andi : Thank you very much sir. You can count on us. We will have a really good
time there!
Rita : Thanks dad, and you guys. I really appreciate that.
Andi,Via,Rudi : No problem. We are friend after all.
Rudi : That’s all for now. We must go home now. Thank you for your time and the
permission, Sir.
Father : Just keep your promise.
Via : See you!
Finally, in couple of month later, they all can join that study tour and they
spend a good time together in Bali. And they get unforgettable experiences,
very happy and their friendship become tighter.
References
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